2-dioxy-1, 2, 5-oxathiazine compounds and processes for their manufacture



United States Patent fiice 3,235,549 Patented Feb. 15, 1966 This invention relates to novel heterocyclic compounds, one important use for which is as an intermediate in the manufacture of valuable surface active agents, and to novel processes for their manufacture and use. More specifically, the present invention relates to the manufacture and use of novel 2-dioxy-1,2,5-oxathiazine compounds.

The novel 2-dioxy-l,2,5-oxathiazine compounds of the present invention are those compounds having a structure such as that shown in either Formula 1 or Formula 2:

I N 802 at BL! wherein R, R and R" are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and organic radicals; preferably those that contain at most 30 carbon atoms; and A and B are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogens and organic radicals.

The processes of the present invention involve methods both for the manufacture of these novel 2-dioxy-1,2,5- oxathiazine compounds, and for their conversion into valuable surface active agents (sometimes called surfactants). One process for the manufacture of the 2-dioxy- 1,2,5-oxathiazine compounds of this invention (which process constitutes one of the preferred embodiments of the invention) involves the reaction of (a) An organic compound having olefinic (double bond) or acetylenic (triple bond) unsaturation, such as an olefin or an alkyne, respectively,

(b) Sulfur trioxide and (c) A nitrile or hydrogen cyanide to form a 2-dioxy-1,2,5-oxathiazine (inner anhydride) compound such as those shown in Formulae 1 and 2, above. Note that processes for the manufacture of any of these inner anhydride compounds whereby any one of (a), (b) or (c), above, is reacted with a reaction product of the other two are also within the scope of the present invention. For example, this particular aspect of the processes of this invention includes (1) The reaction of a S-sultone and/ or a carbyl sulfate type compound [products that can be made by reacting (a) with (b)] with a nitrile or HCN,

(2) The reaction of an olefin with a complex of sulfur trioxide plus an organic nitrile and (3) The reaction of (.a) with (b) in the presence of (c), for example, where (c) is used as a solvent.

Processes for the use of the novel 2-dioxy-1,2,S-oxathiazine compounds of this invention also constitute a preferred embodiment of the present invention. These processes involve the hydrolysis and/or neutralization of the inner anhydride compounds to yield valuable vicinal acylamido sulfonates, such as those that can be represented by Formulae 3 and 4:

( $0M RC=( 3R' wherein R, R, R", A and B have the same significance as they do in Formulae 1 and 2, above, and M is a cation.

Although the processes of the present invention can be utilized to great advantage for the manufacture of certain vicinal acylamido sulfonic acids and sulfonates that are particularly valuable lime soap dispersants, these processes can also be utilized for the manufacture of compounds other than those that are outstanding lime soap dispersants. For example, while R, R and R" in Formula 1 above, must of necessity be relatively restricted in order for the formula to encompass those compounds that are most useful as lime soap dispersants, no such restriction is actually necessary insofar as the generic processes of the present invention are concerned. When all .of R, R and R" are very short organic radicals, or even hydrogen (and the compounds are consequently over-all more hydrophilic than those which are particularly useful as lime soap dispersants), the compounds can be utilized as wetting agents and dispersants in water slurries of inorganic and organic materials such as cement, kaolin, coal, oil

well drilling muds and the like. Those compounds Within this relatively lower molecular weight class of vicinal acylamido sulfonates (Where R, R and R are either extremely short organic radicals or hydrogen, for example) that are very soluble in water can also be utilized as solubilizing agents in aqueous and aqueous-alcohol solutions (such as can be used in the formulation of liquid detergents) to aid in dissolving other ingredients, such as certain types of surface active agents including the widely used alkylaryl sulfonates and the vicinal acylamido sulfonate lime soap dispersants, mentioned heretofore, in these solutions. Under some conditions, these highly water-soluble compounds can also be used as complexing agents for the hardness ions in hard water. Conversely, when the vicinal acylamido sulfonate compounds are of significantly higher molecular weight than those that are particularly useful as lime soap dispersant compounds, the resulting higher molecular weight compound is generally fairly soluble in oil systems such as, for example, lubricating oils and can, typically, be used as oil-soluble surface active agents; for example, as oxidized oil sludge dispersants, spreading agents, emulsifying agents and the like, if desired.

Still another class of valuable surface active agents that can be manufactured via the processes of this invention is the class of vicinal higher alkyl acylamido ethyl sulfonates, the structure of which can be represented by Formula 4, above, if R and R in Formula 4 are hydrogen and R is a long chain alkyl group, generally containing at least about 15 carbon atoms in an aliphatic hydrocarbyl arrangement.

When R, R and R in the above formulae are organic radicals, they can be branched or unbranched to practically any degree, although it is preferred that they be substantially unbranched (straight-chain) and contain from 1 to 30 carbon atoms and that they be hydrophobic in nature. Still further preferred are those compounds wherein the total number of carbon atoms in R plus R, plus R" is from 10 to 40. R, R and R" can also contain substituents, which do not render them substantially hydrophilic or water-soluble in nature, such as halides (including fluoride, chloride, bromide and iodide, for example) ester groups, ether groups, thioether groups, nitro groups, sulfone groups, sulfoxide groups, amide groups, carboxyl groups, nitroso groups and the like in their aliphatic or alicyclic radicals, without substantially eliminating the benefit that can result from the use of these compounds as surface active agents, detergents and/or lime soap dispersants. R, R and R can also contain heterocyclic, monocyclic hydrocarbyl, polycyclic hydrocarbyl and substituted cyclic hydrocarbyl radicals (whether the rings thereof are saturated or not) although it is preferred that they be aliphatic or substituted aliphatic, rather than alicyclic or substituted alicyclic, radicals. It is additionally preferred that R and R be of the type that does not ordinarily react readily with sulfur trioxide (S at a temperature below about 35 C., i.e., that they be, for example, saturated hydrocarbyl and halide, nitro-, sulfone-, ether-, thioether-, amidoand sulfoxide-substituted saturated hydrocarbyl radicals and the like. Typical, but non-limiting, examples of some of the 1,2,5-oxathiazine compounds of the present invention include 2-dioxy-3,4-dihydro-4-tetradecyl-6-methyl-1,2,5-oxathiazine; 2-dioxy-3,4-dihydro-3-methyl-4-ethyl-6-ethyl-1,2,5-oxathiazine; 2-dioxy-3,4-dihydro-3-ethyl-4-nonyl-6-allyl-1,2,5-oxathiazine; 2-dioxy-3-hexadecyl-6-phenyl-1,2,5-oxathiazine; 2-dioxy-3,4-dihydro-3,4-diisobutyl-6-B-methoxyethyl- 1,2,5-oxathiazine; 2-dioxy-3,4-dihydro-4-dodecyl-1,2,5-oxathiazine; 2-dioxy-3,4difluoro-4-perfluoroctyl-6-triflu0romethyl- 1,2,5-oxathiazine; 2-dioxy-3 ,4-dihydro-3 (7,8-dichlorohexadecyl) -6-chloromethyl-1,2,5-oxathiazine; 2-dioxy-3,4-dihydro-4-(p-octyl phenyl)-6-methyl-1,2,5-

oxathiazine; 2-dioxy-3-carbethoxy-4-hexadecyl-6-[3-bromoethyl-1,2,5-

oxathiazine; 2-dioxy-4-decyl-6-propyl-1 ,2,5-oxathiazine; 2-di0xy-3,4-dihydro-4-cyclohexyl-6-hexyl-1,2,5-oxathiazine; 2-dioxy-3,4-dimethyl-6-benzyl-l,2,5-oxathiazine; 2-dioxy-3,4-dihydro 6-methyl-1,2,5-oxathiazine; 2-dioxy-3-ethyl-4-methylisobuty1-6-ethenyl-l ,2,5-oxathiazine; 2-dioxy-3,4-dichloro-4-indole-6-n-propyl-1,2,5-oxathiazine; 2-dioxy-6-tetradecyl-1,2,5-oxathiazine; 2-dioxy-6-(n-propyl-3-N-ethylamino)-l,2,5-oxathiazine; and the like.

One of the embodiments of the processes of this invention encompasses the step of sulfonating an organic unsaturated compound in order to make a sulfocyclic compound such as a sultone or a carbyl sulfate type compound that is useful as an intermediate for the subsequent steps of these processes. Practically any organic aliphatic alicyclic, substituted aliphatic or substituted alicyclic compound having one or more double or triple bonds connecting any two adjacent carbon atoms in the aliphatic portion of its molecule can be utilized as a raw material in the processes of the present invention, although generally those that are monounsaturated; i.e., those having a sole double or triple bond in the aliphatic portion of their molecules; are preferred.

Those that have their unsaturated position at one end of their carbon chain are particularly preferred. These unsaturated compounds can be branched or unbranched to practically any degree without substantially eliminating the benefits that can accrue to those who utilize the processes of the invention. In addition, these compounds can contain practically any number of carbon atoms desired (except one), for example, from 2 to 30 or more. However, it is generally preferred, particularly for the ultimate manufacture of the novel lime soap dispersant compounds mentioned above, that there be between 10 and 26 carbon atoms therein. Still further preferred are the straight-chain unsaturated compounds that contain from 14 to 22 carbon atoms. (Stated in terms of the 2- dioxy-1,2,5-oxathiazine compounds of this invention, with reference to Formulae 1 and 2, above, R and R can contain a combined total of from 0 to 28 or more carbon atoms, but it is sometimes preferred that they contain from 8 to 24 carbon atoms. Still further preferred are those compounds wherein the number of carbon atoms in R plus R is from 12 to 20, while R contains up to 10 carbon atoms, but, preferably, is either a lower alkyl or a lower alkenyl group or radical. Compounds where R and R are hydrocarbyl and/or alkyl groups are still further preferred. Since R and/ or R can also preferably be hydrogen, it is convenient to state the fact that R and R are preferably alkyl groups containing a combined total of carbon and hydrogen in a weight ratio of from about 144:25 [i.e., EC12H25] to about 240241 [i.e., EC2OH41], and R" is a hydrocarbyl group, wherein the weight ratio of carbon to hydrogen is from 0:1 [where R is H] to about 10:21 [where R" is C H and preferably is from about 12:3 to about :11.) The unsaturated compound that can be used as a raw material for certain of the processes of this invention can also contain heterocyclic, monocyclic hydrocarbyl and polycyclic hydrooarbyl radicals (whether the rings thereof are saturated or not). It can also contain substituents such as halides (including fluoride, chloride, bromide and iodide, for example), carboxyl groups, ether groups, thioether groups, nitro groups, sulfone groups, sulfoxide group-s, amide groups, carbonyl groups, nitroso groups, sulfonate groups and the like in their chains, without detracting substantially from the advantages of using the processes of this invention. Essentially all that is necessary is that there be two carbons in the molecule that are connected by an olefinically unsaturated (double) or an acetylenically unsaturated (triple) bond. It is preferred, however, that any substituents on the aliphatic portion of the unsaturated material be of the type that do not ordinarily react with sulfur trioxide (S0 at a temperature below about 35 C., such as the halides mentioned above, nitro groups, sulfone groups, ether groups, thioether groups, amide groups, sulfoxide groups and the like. Non-limiting typical examples of unsaturated compounds that can be utilized in the processes of this invention include, for example, ethylene; propylene; isomeric compounds (and mixtures thereof) of various types of hydrocarbyl olefins including butene, pentene, hexene, heptene, octene, nonene, decene, undecene, dodecene, tridecene, tetradecene, pentadecene, hexadecene, heptadecene, octadecene, nonadecene and the like, including those having either normal (straight) and branched carbon chains; cyclopentene; cyclohexene; pentene dimer; octalin; cracked wax olefins; polymeric lower alkyl olefins, such as ethylene, propylene, butylene, isobutylene, pentene, hexene, etc., and mixtures thereof; camphene, pinene, tall oil unsaturates and other naturally occurring; olefini'c terpenoid compounds, as well as synthetic derivatives thereof; unsaturated fatty acids, including oleic: acid, linolenic acid, and the like; dehydrated organic al-- cohols such as those derived by dehydrating hydrogenated fatty acids and by dehydrating such other alcohols: as the oxo alcohols, the so-called Ziegler alcoholsv and the so-called Fischer-Tropsch alcohols, for example: 1,2-dichloroethylene; 1,2-dichloro-1-butene; tetrafluoroethylene and lower molecular weight polymerized tetrafiuoroethylenes; 3,4-dibromo-3-d0decene; 1,2-diiodo;.

l-hexadecene; 1-nitroso-2-octene; p-nitrostyrene; oleiamide; l-rnethoxy-Z-octadecene; and the like.

Acetylen-ically unsaturated compounds, corresponding to practically all of the immediately foregoing examples of olefinically unsaturated compounds, can also be utilized for reaction with the sulfur trioxide in a manner similar to that whereby sulfur trioxide is reacted with one of the olefins, although olefins are preferred for use in the processes of this invention. When an acetylenically unsaturated compound is utilized, the 2-dioxy-1,2,5- oxat-hiazine compound that results therefrom will have a structure corresponding to Formula 1, above.

The actual source of sulfur trioxide for reaction with one of the unsaturated compounds described heretofore in the processes of this invention generally has no practical efiect upon the basic outcome of these processes. Practically any source can be utilized. For example, relatively pure 80;, can be utilized, if desired, in the liquid, solid or gaseous state. Since sulfur trioxide alone is an extremely powerful sulfonating agent, generally it is pre ferred that the S0 be utilized in the form of a moredilute or less reactive form, such as, for example, as a mixture with liquid or gaseous S0 or with dry air, or as concentrated (fuming) sulfuric acid, ChlOIOSlLlLfOIliC acid, or as a complex with such agents as pyridine, dioxane, thioxane, alkylphosp-hate, and the like.

The preferred product from the reaction of S0 with the unsaturated compound is a B-sultone Bil-(LE 0. wherein R, R, A and B can be either hydrogen or organic radicals which are part of the original olefins described above. When an alkynyl (acetylenically unsaturated) compound is used as a starting material rather than an olefinically unsaturated compound, A and B will generally be nothing. Thus, the vicinal carbons will be unsaturated. Note that the sultone preferably bridges the carbons (of the unsaturated material) that were connected" with the double or triple bond before the reaction of S0 therewith. Sulfonation of the unsaturated compound is ordinarily carried out at a temperature below about 70 0., down to as low as -40 C. or even lower, and preferably at a temperature between about 30 C. and about 30 C. in order to prevent both undesirable degradation of the raw organic material due to undesired and uncontrollable reaction of the S0 at higher temperatures, and spontaneous decomposition of the sultone reaction products (which can occur when the sultone is exposed to the higher temperatures, for example, above about 50 C., particularly if the sultone is not relatively pure). Generally excess (over the theoretical stoichiometric amount) of S0 is utilized in the sulfonation reaction in order to drive the reaction to as complete a levelas is practical or possible in a relatively short time.

Sometimes when such excess (over the theoretical stoichiometric amount) of sulfur trioxide is utilized, or when excess sulfur trioxide is available for reaction at some point during the sulfonation of the unsaturated organic material, some carbyl sulfate type compounds are formed in the reaction mixture rather than the expected sultone. The presence of carbyl sulfate type compound, however, is not substantially deleterious to the over-all processes of this invention, because it can be reacted with HCN or an organic nitrile in a manner similar to that wherein the sultone is reacted with these materials in accordance with the processes of this invention. Hence, carbyl sulfate type compounds and the fi-sultone compounds corresponding thereto will be considered herein as practically identical, insofar as their utilization in the over-all processes of the invention is concerned. Together the fi-sultone compounds and carbyl sulfate type compounds will herein be termed preferred sulfocyclic compounds.

Sulfonation of the unsaturated materials to produce the preferred sulfocyclic compounds can be effected in either a solvent or a slurry that is fluid at the temperature at which the reaction is conducted. The solvent (or continuous phase in the slurry system) should ordinarily be one which is inert to the reactants (especially sulfur trioxide) and does not unfavorably affect the reaction. Typical examples of solvents that can be utilized include carbon tetrachloride, ethylene dichloride, ethylene dibromide, trichloroethylene, tetrachlorethane, chloroform, liquid sulfur dioxide, diethyl ether, acetic anhydride, dioxane, methylene chloride, acetic acid, propionic acid, propionic anhydride, pyridine, cyclohexane, hexane, petroleum ether, naphtha, thioxane and the like.

The sultone reaction product described above need not be isolated after it is formed in accordance with the above-described sulfonation step. (Indeed, in some instances, it is not absolutely certain that a stable sultone compound is formed. Hence, it may sometimes be more desirable in the processes of the invention not to isolate and/or purify the product from the sulfonation step described above.) The sultone is ordinarily stable under reasonable conditions, however, and therefore can be isolated in most instances, if desired.

As it was indicated above, however, the sultone itself can be utilized as a raw material, if desired, in the manufacture of the Z-dioxy-1,2,5-oxathiazine compounds of this invention, to thereby eliminate the necessity of the sulfonation step. Some sultones are readily available and well-known materials, and can be obtained by a variety" of known processes in addition to thesulfonation procedure described above. One method employs the treatment of an olefinically unsaturated alcohol wherein the- OH group of the alcohol is attached to a carbon atom. adjacent to those carbon atoms connected by the double bond (such as, for example, l-octadecene-l-ol) with an alkali metal bisulfite such as sodium bisulfite in the presence of air to give the corresponding hydroxyalkanesulfonate; hydrolysis of the resulting sulfonate to the sulfonic acid; and ring closure of the latter, e.g., by heating carefully to give the sultone. volves the sulfohalination of an alkyl halide, for example, to give a haloalkanesulfonyl halide, hydrolysis of the su-lfonyl halide, and ring closure of the hydrolysis proda, uct (with hydrohalide evolution) to give the alkanesultone.

The amidation of the sultone (or one of the products of the reaction of sulfur trioxide with an unsaturated compound as described above, which product has not:

necessarily been specifically isolated and identified as a sultone, but which can react with a nitrile or a cyanide.

as can a ,8-sultone) in accordance with the processes ofthe present invention can ordinarily be accomplished by simply intermixing the sultone (or the above-described. reaction product) with either HCN or an organic nitrile (sometimes termed an organic cyanide compound). Theimmediate product from the reaction of the sultone withalthough it is preferred that R and R be organic radicalsv v that cannot readily be reacted with S0 at temperatures. below about 35 C. The source of R and R, A and B is the unsaturated material that was utilized in the formation of the sultone and R and R can have substan-- tially all of the basic structure) other than the degree of unsaturation) and substituents of the unsaturated materials mentioned above, from which the inner anhydride compounds can be derived. R" is derived from- Another method in.

the CEN containing compound that was reacted with the sultone in the amidation step described above. For example, when 2,3-difiuoro-2-hexadecene is sulfonated as described above, and amidated with acetonitrile, R is C13H25, R is CH3, A and B are P, and R" is in the resulting Z-dioxy-l,2,5-oxathiazine compound. When HCN is utilized in the amidation step, R" in the inner .anhydride is H, and when an organic nitrile is utilized, R" is the same as the organic portion of the organic nitrile. This amidation step can preferably be accomplished in the presence of one of the solvents described above.

The processes of the present invention can be used to manufacture any of the 2-dioxy-1,2,5-oxathiazine compound encompassed by Formulae 1 and 2, above. The sub-generic 2-dioxy-1,2,5-oxathiazines that can be utilized as intermediates for the manufacture of certain of the special lime soap dispersants and generally useful surfactants (mentioned heretofore) are the 3- and/or 4- and/or 6-(aliphatic, alicyclic, substituted aliphatic or substituted alicyclic) substituted-2-dioxy-3,4-dihydro- 1,2,5-oxathiazines; wherein the total number of carbon atoms in the combined substituents on the 3- and 4-positions is from 8 to 24 and preferably from 12 to 20, and the preferred substituents on the 3- and 4-positions are saturated aliphatic or halogen-substituted saturated aliphatic in nature. Still further preferred for this use are those 2-dioxy-1,2,5-oxathiazines having this number of carbon atoms on the 3- or 4-position, but which are only mono-substituted in either the 3- or 4-position; that is, where there are a total of 3 hydrogens attached to the 3- and 4-positions on the inner anhydride ring. In addition, the 6-position should contain either hydrogen or a saturated aliphatic hydrocarbyl or halogen-substituted saturated hydrocarbyl radical containing from 1 to 8, and preferably from 1 to carbon atoms.

The 2-dioxy-1,2,5-oxathiazine compounds of this invention can be readily isolated from the solvent, if desired, generally by simply filtering the crystalline inner anhydride material after it is precipitated from ethyl ether solvent, for example, or from water upon being cooled to about 0 C. They are generally crystalline materials and can be readily handled, ground, packaged and sold in this form, or dispersed in a solvent or other nonaqueous medium. These inner anhydride compounds constitute isolatable, identifiable intermediate compounds that can subsequently be converted to the corresponding vicinal acylamido sulfonic acids and/or vicinal acylamido sulfonates by hydrolysis and/or neutralization at any particular time or place desired. Consequently, the inner anhydride 2-dioxy-1,2,5-oxathiazine compounds (and compositions containing them) constitute one of the particularly preferred embodiments of the present invention.

Actually those nitriles such as, for example, acetonitrile, acrylonitrile, propionitrile and benzonitrile which can be readily maintained in the liquid state at the reaction temperature at which the sulfonation step described above is carried out (when such a step is utilized in the processes of this invention), or which are liquid below about 35 C. at one atmosphere of pressure, can serve not only as excellent solvents or dispersants for the unsaturated raw material during the sulfonation step, but also as the amidating agent in the amidation step of the processes of this invention. When one of these nitriles is utilized as a solvent, the amidation and sulfonation steps generally effectively occur practically simultaneously, since as soon as the sulfur trioxide reacts with the unsaturated material, the nitrile (solvent) reacts with the resulting reaction product; generally a fi-sultone (rather than the 'y-sultone which sometimes forms in minor amounts during the above-described sulfonation of the unsaturated material); and thereby produces the appropriate oxathiazine inner anhydride, the particular characteristics of which will depend upon the particular organic unsaturate and nitrile raw materials that are utilized in the process. Thus, to a solution or dispersion of an olefin such as l-dodecene dissolved in acetonitrile can be slowly added one of the above-described sulfonating agents in an amount generally at least approximately equivalent to the stoichiometric amount (and preferably somewhat in excess of this amount) required to convert the olefin to a sultone. By maintaining the temperature of the solution below about 15 C., and preferably below about 5 C., undesirable degradation reaction of the sulfur trioxide with the nitrile (the solvent-amidating agent in this particular procedure) can be minimized or avoided. Generally the lower the temperature, the less nitrile degradation products are generated during the unsaturate sulfonation reaction. The acetonitrile solvent in this example reacts with the product of the reaction of the unsaturate with the S0 practically immediately to yield the inner anhydride compound, 2-dioxy-3,4- dihydro-4-decyl-6-methyl-1,2,5-oxathiazine.

The utilization of one of the above-described organic nitrile compounds as a solvent in which the desired reaction of S0 with one of the above-described unsaturated compounds can be performed makes possible another approach toward the manufacture of the compounds of this invention. In this approach, the discovery that at very low temperatures (0 C., and practically invariable below about -10 C. or even colder), crystalline complexes of sulfur trioxide and the solvent-nitriles oan be readily manufactured, isolated and utilized in a relatively pure form when desired, is advantageously applied. In order to make the nitrile-sulfur trioxide complex, one needs merely to intermix sulfur trioxide with the liquid nitrile (in the substantial absence of water but preferably in a non-polar solvent) and maintain the temperature of the resulting mixture at the above-described levels until, generally within a reasonably short time, crystals of the complex precipitate from the solution. The complex contains about one mole of S0 per mole of nitrile. The crystals can be isolated then by filtering them from any excess nitrile solvent that may be present. They can be utilized as an effective (combination) sulfonation-amidation agent for one of the unsaturated raw material compounds described above, in practically any of the processes of this invention that involve the sulfonation of an olefinically or acetylenically unsaturated compound, either via the utilization of any of the aforementioned generally useful solvents (for the sulfonation step) as was described above, or via the utilization of one of the nitrile-solvents described in the immediately foregoing paragraph. No matter in what particular procedure the nitrile-sulfur trioxide complex is utilized, an advantage that results from its use is that the sulfur trioxide contained therein gen erally reacts in a substantially milder manner than does or would sulfur trioxide under otherwise similar conditions, but in the uncomplexed state. Note also that the sulfur trioxide is readily available to react in any of its usual ways (except in a milder manner) even though it is in the form of the nitrile-sulfur trioxide complex. When the complex is utilized in the processes of the present invention to sulfonate an olefin, the sulfonation reaction leaves the nitrile portion of the complex substantially unchanged and free to react, for example, with the S0 unsaturate reaction product (one of the preferred sulfocyclic compounds) in the processes of this invention.

It is generally desirable, in the amidation step of the present invention to intermix an excess of HCN or organic nitrile (over the theoretical stoichiometric amount required to convert the sultone to the inner anhydride) in order to make it possible to perform the amidation in as short a time as possible. Since the organic nitriles are often also excellent solvents for the sultones, there is essentially no upper limit to the amount of organic nitrile material that can be used in the processes of this invention in order to carry out the desired amidation reaction. Generally, it is preferred, however, that at least the stoichiometric amount (based on the amount of preferred sulfocyclic compounds; i.e., SO -unsaturate reaction products; utilized in the process) required to amidate the sulfocyclic compound be used. It is believed that the cyanide material reacts with the fl-SOlutiOn compound or the carbyl sulfate type compound on a molar equivalent basis; i.e., one cyanide group reacts with one sultone or one carbylsulfate group to give the desired 2-dioxy-1,2,5- oxathiazine compound (or the desired vicinal acylamido sulfonic acid after hydrolysis of the initially formed inner anhydride).

Although the formation of sulfur trioxide-organic nitrile complexes is broadly applicable to nitriles-that are liquid at a temperature of about 5 C., or lower, or which can be dissolved to at least the extent of about 5 weight percent (at 5 C.) in a solvent (such as those described above that are useful in processes for the sulfonation of olefi'ns) that is fluid (a liquid) at such low temperaturesand is practically inert to sulfur trioxide at these temperatures, those which are preferred for use in the processes ofthe present inventioninclude only those having from 2 to 8 carbon atoms in their molecules, such as, for example, acetonitrile, acrylonitrile, fluoracetonitrile, trichloroacetonitrile, a-methylacrylonitrile, propionitrile, isobutyronitrile, oz -ethylacrylonitrile, u chloroisobutyronitrile, butyronitrile, crotononitrile, allyl cyanide, methoxyacetonitrile, oz hydroxyisobutyronitrile, chloroacetonitrile, abromoisobutyronitrile, diethylacetonitrile, 13 methoxypropionitrile, benzonitrile, ethylcyanoacetate, cyanogen, chlorocyanogen, fi-hydroxybutyronitrile and-the like. Of-

these the saturated hydrocarbyl and halogen-substituted saturated hydrocarbyl nitrile (or organic cyanide) compounds are still further preferred. One reason why these particular nitrile compounds are preferred is because they ordinarily need not be dissolved-in a'solvent in order to form a complex with sulfur trioxide,

During the sulfonation and amidation steps described above, it is preferred thatthe chemical reactionsth-at occur therein be performed substantially in the absence of water, particularly when optimum yields of the vicinal acylamido sulfonates are desired.

In order to convert any of the desired 2-dioXy-l,2,5-

oxathiazine compounds to the corresponding vicin-al acyl-- amido sulfonic acid, one need merely intermix them in any particularly desired or convenient manner with at least about one mole of water per mole of inner anhydride compound, and warm the resulting mixture to a temperature above about 50 C., and preferably above about 75 C. If it is desired to convert a portion of the inner anhydride. material, less than this amount of water can be used. Note that when compounds containing more than one. point or position of olefinic or acetylenic unsat-; uration (or more than one sultone or carbyl sulfate groupper molecule) are utilized as raw materials in the processes of this invention, the 2-dioxy-1,2,5-oxathiazine compounds resulting therefrom can have more than one inner anhydride ring such as that shown in Formulae 1 and 2, above, per molecule. Thus, when more than one 2- dioxy-1,2,5-oxathiazine ring is present per molecule proportionately more water than one mole per mole of the oxathiazine compound must be utilized in order to hydrolyze all of the. inner anhydride rings to the appropriate: vicinal acylamido sulfonic acid groups. In order to manufacture a vicinal acylamido sulfonate in accordance with these processes, the vicinal acylamido sulfonic acids can be neutralized with any desired base in either water or a non-aqueous solvent, depending upon the solubility characteristics of the particular acid and base that are utilized. Practically any base that is stable either per se or in aqueous solution at about room temperature and under about one atmosphere of pressure can ordinarily be utilized to convert these sulfonic acids to the corresponding sulfo nates. Inorganic bases having metal cations are generally preferred for this purpose, although any organic base 10 that can ionize to at least some extent in an aqueous system can also be utilized.

Particularly preferred are the alkali met-a1 cation bases such as alkali metal hydroxides, carbonates, silicates, bicarbonates and the like (and of these, sodium and potassium basesare generally preferred because of economic as well as other considerations) and alkaline earth metal cation bases such as calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate and the like. Ammonium hydroxide can also often be utilized to advantage in the neutralization of these vicinal acryamido sulfonic acids. Water-soluble and/0r water-dispersible bases can conveniently. be present in the water that is utilized to hydrolyze the inner anhydride compounds (described above) if desired, to thereby effectively hydrolyze the 2-dioxy-1,2,5-oxathiazine ring and neutralize the resulting acid at practically the same time. Sometimes only-'asmall amount of water (or even none in some instances) is necessary when the hydrolysis and neutralization steps are performed simultaneously. For example, when an alkali metal hydroxide such as sodium, potassium or lithium hydroxide, is utilized after it has been dissolved inan organic solvent such as methanol or ethanol,, essentially no water at all is needed for the hydrolysis of the 2-dioxy-1,2,5-oxathiazine compound and the formation ofthe corresponding alkali metal vicinal. acylamido sulfonate.

It is another advantage of the present invention that the hydrolysis and neutralization of the 2-dioxy-l,2,5- oxathiazine compounds can be carried out while the oxathiazine is in physical contact with soap. Thus, soap compositions that have excellent over-all detergent properties, and that are additionally valuable because they can form effectively dispersed lime soap curds when they are dissolved in hard water, can be manufactured directly, if desired, in conventional soap equipment such as a crutcher, or in practicallyany mixing vessel that can be used to formulate soap (i.e., in Whichmolten soap can be handled), such as a conventional amalgamator, a conventional refiner, or even a conventional soap mill.

Since the temperature of. the soap when it is in a molten state is generally fairly high, essentially all that is usually necessary to perform the hydrolysis and neutralization.

of the 2-dioxy-l,2,5-oxathiazine compound (admixed with the soap) is that both an effective amount of the oxathiazine compound and a sufficient quantity of the particular base that is to be employed for the neutralization step be well mixed through the soap while the soap ten soap-oxathiazine composition or blend, although some water can be added to speed up the rate of hydrolysis and neutralization of the oxathiazine compound if desired. For this particular neutralization technique, the

oxathiazine compound (and the base) can be blended.

with the soap either before or after the soap is made molten, depending upon the particular manipulative procedure desired. It is generally preferred, however, that an alkali metal hydroxide such as potassium or sodium hydroxide be used when. the oxathiazine compound is hydrolyzed and neutralized in situ, in physical contact with the soap. Such in situ processes wherein the conversion of 2.-dioxy-1,2,5-oxathiazine compounds are converted to their corresponding vicinal acylamido sulfonates while they are in intimate physical contact with a soap.

constitute preferred embodiments of the present invention. After the conversion of the oxathiazine compound to the corresponding vicinal acylamido sulfonate via this technique, the soap-sulfonate compositions can generally be handled via conventional techniques and equipment in.

a manner similar to that in which plain or conventional soap is handled; for example, through the usual plodding, sizing, cooling, stamping and packaging operations.

Processes wherein a vicinal hydroxy sulfonic acid is esterified (in a manner such as that set out in copending application, Serial No. 218,437) and subsequently amidated (i.e., where the vicinal acyloxy sulfonic acid resulting from such an esterification is reacted with one of the above-described cyanide or nitrile compounds to yield one of the 2-dioxy-1,2,5-oxathiazine compounds of this invention) constitute a second important way in which the 2-dioxy-l,2,5-oxathiazine compounds of the present invention can be manufactured. One can, for example, (a) hydrolyze a fairly pure sultone in order to obtain the corresponding vicinal hydroxy sulfonic acid in a fairly pure state, (b) esterify the resulting hydroxy sulfonic acid to obtain a vicinal acyloxy sulfonic acid, and (c) amidate the acyloxy sulfonic acid with an organic nitrile or hydrocyanic acid to obtain one of the 2-dioxy-1,2,5- oxathiazine compounds of this invention.

In the following examples, which are illustrative of some of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, all parts given are by weight unless otherwise specified.

Exwmple 1 Into a reaction vessel such as that described in Example II, below, are charged 2,000 parts of acetonitrile, 500 parts of chloroform and 200 parts of l-n-hexadecene. Over a period of about 1 hour, 100 parts of liquid sulfur trioxide are added to the resulting solution while fairly violent stirring is maintained. The temperature of the resulting mixture is maintained between about C. and C. After the sulfur trioxide has been added to the nitrile, the reaction mixture is stirred for an additional 2 hours. A small amount of the reaction product (from this combined sulfonation-amidation step) is withdrawn and warmed to about 50 C. to evaporate the excess acetonitrile and chloroform solvents. The product that remains after the evaporation of these materials is practically pure 2-dioXy-3,4-dihydro-4-n-tetradecyl-6amethyl- 1,2,5-oxathiazine (inner .anhydride). It contains a small amount of unreacted hexadecene, which can be removed therefrom by extraction of the somewhat gummy residue with petroleum ether, a small amount of hydroxy-n-hexadecane-l-sulfonic acid and a small amount of unamidated sultone.

After the extraction with petroleum ether, the remaining product is intermixed with .an equal amount of glacial acetic acid and warmed to about 50 C. in order to convert the sultone to the corresponding vicinal acetoxy-nhexadecane-l-sulfonic acid. Then 100 parts of water are added to the resulting product, which is warmed to and maintained at about 80 C. for an additional hour, during which time the inner anhydride compound is hydrolyzed to the corresponding Z-acetamido-l-n-hexadecanesulf-onic acid. The hydrolyzed mixture is then neutralized with sodium hydroxide to a pH of 8. Upon subsequently being cooled to about 0 C., crystals settle out of the aqueous mixture which are removed by filtration and dried to yield a product which is an excellent detergent and lime soap dispersant. It contains about 90% of sodium Z-acetamido-l-n-hexadecanesulfonate and about 10% of sodium 2-acetoxy-l-n-hexadecanesulfonate.

Example II, below, is typical of the embodiments of the present invention that involve the distinctly stepwise reaction of (a) an olefinically or acetylenically unsaturated organic compound, (b) sulfur trioxide and (c) an organic nitrile, wherein (a) is a-tetradecene, b) is sulfur trioxide dissolved in a sulfur dioxide diluent or solvent and (c) is acetonitrile.

Example II To a solution of 500 parts of ot-tetradecene in 500 parts of ethyl ether, all in a conventional glass lined reaction vessel fitted with an explosion proof stirring motor and an impeller type stirrer that is capable of violently agitating the contents of the reaction vessel, are added, over a period of at least about 120 minutes with violent stirring, a solution of 200 parts of sulfur trioxide dissolved in 1,000 parts of sulfur dioxide. The temperature of the reaction mixture is maintained below about 0 C. during the addition of the sulfur trioxide and for 30 minutes thereafter, by externally cooling the reaction vessel and by evaporation of sulfur dioxide from the reaction mixture.

One thousand parts of acetonitrile are slowly stirred into the resulting reaction mixture over a period of about 5 minutes. The temperature of the resulting blend is maintained below 0 C. by additional evaporation of sulfur dioxide. After 3 hours, all of the SO -olefin reaction product (silicone) has been reacted with the acetonitrile to yield the desired 2-di0Xy3,4-dihydro-4- dodecyl 6 methyl-1,2,5 oxathiazine (inner anhydride) compound. The mixture is then warmed slowly to room temperature in order to expel the remaining sulfur dioxide and a small amount of excess sulfur trioxide. The excess acetonitrile is subsequently removed by distillation in vacuo at about 50 C. The residue after removal of the solvent is practically pure 2-dioxy-3,4-dihydro-4-dodecyl- 6-methyl-1,2,5-oxathiazine.

Example III Into a reaction vessel such as that described in Example II, above, are charged 1,000 parts of acetonitrile. The vessel is fitted with a sparge tube which opens just below the outer edge of the impeller. The acetonitrile is cooled to a temperature of 30 C. Then, over a period of 2 hours, 200 par-ts of sulfur trioxide vapor are conducted into the vessel through the sparge tube While the mixture is being intensely agitated and maintained at a temperature below 10 C. A crystalline precipitate is observed in the reaction vessel after about 30 minutes, which precipitate increases in volume as additional S0 is injected into the cold acetonitrile. After all of the S0 is added, the mixture is stirred for an additional 15 minutes and then filtered with care to prevent the temperature of the crystals from rising above about 10 C., and to prevent contact of the crystals with a significant amount of moisture. The crystals are a complex of acetonitrile and sulfur trioxide which complex, upon hydrolysis with Water, yields sulfuric acid and acetonitrile.

One hundred fifty parts of the crystalline acetonitrilesu-lfur trioxide complex are added slowly (over a period of 2 hours) to a solution of 200 parts of a-nbutene dissolved in 5,000 pants of ethylene dichloride in a reaction vessel such as that described in Example II, above. During this addition, the temperature in the vessel is maintained at about -20 C. by means of external cooling through the walls of the reaction vessel. At the end of this time the ethylene dichloride and excess S0 butene and acetonitrile are driven from the reaction vessel by heating to a temperature of about 30 C. in vacuo. The resulting viscous product is largely (ca. the desired inner anhydride, 2-dioxy-3,4-dihydro-4-ethyl-6-methyl-1, 2,5-oxathiazine.

Any organic nitrile that can itself be manufactured, can be utilized in those processes of this invention involving the manufacture of the novel 2-dioxy-1,2,5-oxathiazine compounds of .the invention, illustrated in Forrnulae 1 and 2, above. For example, in addition to those specifically mentioned above, such nitriles as trimethylacetonitrile, isovaleronitrile, oc-flll'OllitIile, i-socapronitrile, lactoni-trile, Z-tolunitrile, benzyl cyanide, 1,4-dicyanobutane, heptamethylenedicyanide, mandelonitrile, 2-cyanopyridine, t-butylacetonitrile, 4-fiuorobenzonitrile, 6- nitro-2-tolunitrile, 5-chloro2-nitro-4-tolunitrile, fumaronitrile, cyanocyclohexane, S-bromosalicylonitrile, Z-cyanoabenzoic acid, and the like.

What is claimed is:

'1. The Z-dioxy 3,4 dihydro-l,2,5-oxathiazine compound having, at the 3- and 4-positions, substituent groups selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, aliphatic groups, and alicyclic groups, the sum of the total number of carbon atoms in said substituent groups at said 3- and 4-positions being from 8 to 24; and at the 6-position a substituent group selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, aliphatic groups containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and alicyclic groups containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms.

2. The 2-dioxy-3,4-dihydro-1,2,5-oxathiazine compound having alkyl substituents containing a combined total of from 12 to 20 carbon atoms at the 3- and 4 positions, and an a-lkyl group at the 6-position containing carbon and hydrogen in a weight ratio, respectively of from :1 to 60:11.

6. The 2-dioxy 3,4 dihtydro-1,2,5-oxathiazine as in claim 2, wherein the sum of the total number of hydrogen atoms at said 3- and 4-positions is three.

4. The 2-dioXy-3,4-dihydro-4-alkyl-6-lower alkyl-l,2,5- oxathiazine having the formula:

where R is an alkyl radical having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms and R is selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl and lower alkenyl groups.

5. The compound 2-dioxy-3,4-dihydro-4-ethyl-6-me thyl-1,2,5-oxathiazine.

6. The 2-d1ioXy-3,4-dihydro-4-tetradecyl-6-methyl-1,2,5- oxathiazine as in the formula:

7. 2 d-ioxy-3,4-dihydro-4-nfitetradecyl-o-ethenyl-1,2,5- oxathiazine.

8. The compound 2-dioxy-3,4-dihydro-4-n tetradecyl-6- phenyl-1,2,5-oxathiazine.

9. Z-dioxy-1,2,5-oxathi-azine.

10. 2-dioXy-3,4-dihydro-1,2,5-oxathiazine.

1 1. A process which comprises reacting together sulfur t-rioxide, a nitrile material selected :from the group consisting of hydrogen cyanide and organic nitriles, and an unsaturated organic compound selected from the group consisting of olefinically and acetylenically unsaturated compounds to produce a 2-dioxy-1,2,5-oxathiazine compound having a structure selected from the group consisting of wherein R, R and R" are selected from the group consisting of organic groups and hydrogen and A and B are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogens and organic groups.

'12. A process which comprises the step of forming a mixture by blending together an o-leiinically unsaturated organic compound, su-ltfur tr-ioxide, and a nitrile material selected from the group consisting of hydrogen cyanide 14 and organic nitriles at a temperature below about C. to thereby rform a 2-dioxy-1,2,5-oxathiazine.

1'3. A process which comprises reacting together a su-lfocyclic compound selected from the group consisting of fi-sultone and carbyl sulfate compounds with a nitrile material selected from the group consisting orf hydrogen cyanide and organic nitriles to thereby form a 2-dioxy- 1,2,5-oxathiazine.

14. A process which comprises intermixin'g an o lefini-.

cally unsaturated organic compound with an organic nitrile-sulfur trioxide complex at -a temperature below about 20 C. to thereby form a 2-dioxy-1,2,5-oxathiazine.

15. A process which comprises fiorming a sultone compound by sulionating at a temperature below about 70 C. an olefinica'lly unsaturated organic compound containing from 8 to 30 carbon atoms and being selected from the group consisting of aliphatic hydrocanbyl and halogen substituted aliphatic hydrocarbyl compounds; and making a 2-dioxy- 1,2,5-oxathiazine by intermixing at a temperature below about 70 C. said su-Ltone compound with a nitrile material selected from the group consisting of hydrogen cyanide and organic aliphatic nitriles having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms.

16. A process which comprises forming a sultocyclic compound by sul fonating with sulfur tr-ioxide at a temperature below about 50 C. and in the substantial absence of water, a monounsaturated aliphatic olefin containing from 14 to 22 carbon atoms; and intermixing said sulfocyclic compound with aliphatic nitrile containing from 1 to 5 carbon atoms to thereby form a 2-dioxy- 1,2,5-oxathiazine compound.

17. A process as in claim 16, wherein said olefin is a-n-hexadecene, and said nitrile is acetonitrile.

18. A process as in claim 1 6, wherein said olefin is an a-oletfin and said nitrile is acrylonitrile.

19. A process which comprises fiorrning a suliiocyclic compound by sul-fonatinlg with concentrated sulfuric acid in the substantial absence of water, a monounsaturated aliphatic olefin containing from 14 to 22 carbon atoms; and inter-mixing said sultocycl-ic compound with an aliphatic nitrile containing from 1 to 5 carbon atoms to thereby form a 2-dioxy-1,2,5-oxathiaz/ine compound.

References Cited by the Examiner UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,913,794 6/1933 Daimler et al. 260-327 2,206,510 7/1940 Matthaeus 260508 2,727,036 12/1955 McDenmott 260-443 2,310,746 10/1957 Rueggeberg et a1. 260-327 3,038,932 6/1962 Hardy et a1. 260-508 3,067,143 12/1962 Walle s et al. 252117 3,076,766 2/ 1963 Anstett 252--117 3,143,552 8/1964 Klass et al. 260327 OTHER REFERENCES Bordwel-l et al., Sultonation of Olefins, I.A.C.S. 76, 3945-3961 1954).

Hine, Physical Organic Chemistry, 2nd Ed., Mc- Graw-Hill Book Co., New York (1962).

Mustafa, The Chemistry of Sultones and Sultams, Chem. Reviews, vol. 54, pages to 211 (1954).

WALTER A. MODANCE, Primary Examiner.

NICHOLAS S. RIZZO, JOHN D. RANDOLPH,

Examiners. 

1. THE 2-DIOXY - 3,4 - DIHYDRO-1,2,5-OXATHIAZINE COMPOUND HAVING, AT THE 3- AND 4-POSITIONS, SUBSTITUENT GROUPS SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF HYDROGEN, ALIPHATIC GROUPS, AND ALICYCLIC GROUPS, THE SUM OF THE TOTAL NUMBER OF CARBON ATOMS IN SAID SUBSTITUENT GROUP AT SAID 3- AND 4-POSITION BEING FROM 8 TO 24; AND AT THE 6-POSITION A SUBSTITUENT GROUP SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF HYDROGEN, ALIPHATIC GROUPS CONTAINING FROM 1 TO 10 CARBON ATOMS, AND ALICYCLIC GROUPS CONTAINING FROM 1 TO 10 CARBON ATOMS.
 11. A PROCESS WHICH COMPRISES REACTING TOGETHER SULFUR TRIOXIDE, A NITRILE MATERIAL SELECTED FROMTHE GROUP CONSISTING OF HYDROGEN CYANIDE AND ORGANIC NITRILES, AND AN UNSATURATED ORGANIC COMPOUND SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF OLEFINICALLY AND ACETYLENICALLY UNSATURATED COMPOUNDS TO PRODUCE A 2-DIOXY-1,2,K-OXATHIAZINE COMPOUND HAVING A STRUCTURE SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF 